Software Testing Genius

Brainstorming - Definition & Purpose

2008-09-26T21:26:00.003+05:30

What is Brainstorming?
# An idea generating technique which uses the thinking capacity of a group of people.

# The technique for soliciting a quantity of ideas quickly in a non critical work environment.

# A technique which encourages teamwork and creativity

What is the purpose of Brainstorming?
# Encourages creative thinking

# Applies the principle " The whole is greater than the sum of its parts".

# Helps a group create as many ideas as possible in a short time.

Brainstorming - Hints and Cautions

2008-09-26T21:22:00.001+05:30

# Any idea is acceptable

# Only one idea at a time from a team member

# Be imaginative, play off ideas

# No comments, criticism, discussion of praise

# Do not allow negativism

# Do not allow domination by one or two individuals

# Anyone can contribute

# Do not have a gripe session

# Everyone agrees on the question or issue being brainstormed – write it down

# Record on the flip chart in the words of the speaker – don’t interpret

# Do it quickly

Brainstorming - When, Why & How do we use it?

2008-09-26T21:14:00.003+05:30

When do we use it?
# To identify quality problems.
# To suggest causes of quality problems.
# To suggest ways to improve processes.
# To suggest ways of implementing improvement activities.

Why do I use it ?
# Encourages team members to work together in a cooperative fashion.
# It generates a lot of ideas in a short amount of time.

How do I use it ?
Structured
# Every person in the group must give an idea as their turn arises in the rotation or pass until the next round.
# Often forces even shy people to participate .
# Can create pressure to contribute.

Unstructured
# Group members simply give ideas as they come to mind .
# Tends to create a more relaxed atmosphere.
# Can cause domination by more vocal members.

Attributes of a Leader of Profound Knowledge

2008-09-26T21:10:00.002+05:30

# Creates more leaders

# Focuses on the customer

# Knows when to coach and when to judge

# Removes obstacles to joy in work

# Understands variation

# Works to improve the system

# Creates trust

# Forgives a mistake

# Listens

# Continually improves his education

The Value of Time

2008-09-26T21:05:00.001+05:30

To understand the value of ONE YEAR
Ask the student who has failed in the examination.

To understand the value of ONE MONTH
Ask the mother who has delivered a premature baby.

To understand the value of ONE WEEK
Ask the editor of a weekly.

To understand the value of ONE DAY
Ask a daily wages earner.

To understand the value of ONE HOUR
Ask the lover whose beloved is late.

To understand the value of ONE MINUTE
Ask a person who has missed his flight.

To understand the value of ONE SECOND
Ask a person who has survived an accident.

To understand the value of ONE HUNDREDTH OF A SECOND
Ask the athlete who has won a silver medal in the Olympics.

THE CLASSIC TIME WASTERS & THEIR CAUSES

2008-09-26T20:47:00.005+05:30

TIME WASTERS -------: CAUSES
Television ----------------: Uncontrolled entertainment
Unscheduled visitors --: Enjoyment of socialising
Phone calls --------------: Escaping real tasks
Crisis Management ----: Lack of planning
Breakdowns -------------: Lack of proper care
Health Breakdown -----: ?????
Haste ---------------------: Impatience with detail
Paper work & reading : Knowledge explosion
Routine & trivia --------: Lack of priorities
Undue socializing -----: Lack of priorities
Non Delegation --------: Fear of incompetence of others
Over Commitment -----: Broad Interests
Meetings ----------------: Poor leadership
Old Fashioned Tools : Resistance to change
of work

TIME MANAGEMENT

2008-09-26T20:40:00.002+05:30

Some people do not plan their time because they feel that planning of tasks is wastage of time. They do not understand that by planning the tasks that they have to do , they are making an investment of time, which will double itself, then treble & so on…… In fact Planning takes the pain out of our daily life.

SOME OF THE DETERRENTS TO PLANNING ARE
# Ignorance
# Procrastination
# Sheer Habit
# Consider it as Time Wastage
# Too much overburdened
# Benefits not known
# Sheep Mentality
# Fear of Odd-Man-Out Syndrome
# Individual Resistance
# Consider it as Mechanical Activity

THE TEN MANTRAS FOR PLANNING FOR PERFECTION
# A place for everything
# Everything at its place
# Plan your day
# Write your plans
# Delegate work
# Attend first time to immediate not emergent
# Set goals & review them
# Learn single handling
# Put technology to use
# Use Brainstorming
# Use space

HOW TO SAVE TIME
# Plan your Day
# Plan your Week
# Plan your Month
# Plan your Year
# Learn to say No
# Be punctual
# Screen your phone calls
# Attend to " Urgent " before " Important"
# De-clutter your home & office
# Acquaint yourself with latest Time Management rules
# Don’t waste minutes to save coins
# A place for everything
# Learn single handling
# Manage your health

SWOT Analysis - How to Analyze your Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats

2008-08-03T19:50:00.003+05:30

SWOT Analysis is an effective method of identifying your Strengths and Weaknesses, and to examine the Opportunities and Threats you face. Often carrying out an analysis using the SWOT framework will be enough to reveal changes which can be usefully made.

To carry out a SWOT Analysis write down answers to the following questions:

Strengths:

What are your advantages?
What do you do well?

Consider this from your own point of view and from the point of view of the people you deal with. Don't be modest, be realistic. If you are having any difficulty with this, try writing down a list of your characteristics. Some of these will hopefully be strengths!

Weaknesses:

What could be improved?
What is done badly?
What should be avoided?

Again this should be considered from an internal and external basis - do other people perceive weaknesses that you don't see? Do your competitors do any better? It is best to be realistic now, and face any unpleasant truths as soon as possible.

Opportunities:

Where are the good chances facing you?
What are the interesting trends?

Useful opportunities can come from such things as:

Changes in technology and markets on both a broad and narrow scale
Changes in government policy related to your field
Changes in social patterns, population profiles, lifestyle changes, etc.
Local Events

Threats:

What obstacles do you face?
What is your competition doing?
Are the required specifications for your job, products or services changing?
Is changing technology threatening your position?
Do you have bad debt or cash-flow problems?

Carrying out this analysis is will often be illuminating - both in terms of pointing out what needs to be done, and in putting problems into perspective.

Improving Noting Skills with the Help of Mind Maps

2008-08-03T19:41:00.003+05:30

Appreciation Technique:
Appreciation is a very simple but powerful technique for extracting the maximum amount of information from a simple fact. Starting with a fact, ask the question 'So what?' - i.e. What are the implications of that fact?

Keep on asking that question until all possible inferences have been drawn.

Appreciation is a technique used by military planners, so we will take a military example:

Fact: It rained heavily last night

So What?
The ground will be wet
So What?
It will turn into mud quickly
So What?
If many troops and vehicles pass over the same ground, movement will be progressively slower and more difficult as the ground gets muddier and more difficult.
So What?
Where possible stick to metalled roads or expect movement to be slower than normal.

While it would be possible to reach this conclusion without the use of a formal technique, appreciation provides a framework within which inferences can be extracted quickly and effectively.

Reading Technical Information & Documents

2008-08-03T19:35:00.003+05:30

Reading Technical Information:
Technical information is typically less friendly than other information. It is often complex and assumes a high level of initial knowledge.

Manuals are often badly written - a manual is often supplied with a product purely because it is expected. In many cases it will have been given to a junior member of staff to prepare, and will not have been properly edited or reviewed.

Before wading into technical documentation, assess who it has been written for. Is it too basic to meet your needs, or is it so advanced that you cannot understand it? In the latter case it may be more cost effective to bring in an expert to do the job.

If referring to specific information, it is most effective to use the table of contents and index to find the appropriate section.

If you are reading large amounts of the material, it may be effective to photocopy the glossary, and keep this beside you. It will probably also be useful to note down the key concepts in your own words, and refer to them when necessary. Usually the most effective way of making notes is to use Mind Maps. As with other sorts of material it may be most effective to skim the material before reading it in depth.

Reading The 'Whole Subject' Documents:
When you are reading a document, such as a company report, which purports to give an overall analysis of a subject, it is easy to accept the writer's structure of thought, and miss the fact that important information has been omitted or that irrelevant detail has been included.

Where you are reviewing this sort of document, an effective technique is to compile your own table of contents headings before you open the document. You can then use this table of contents to read the document in the order that you want.

Using this technique will allow you to spot where important information is missing or has been obscured, and helps you to avoid trivia. If the writer has a better knowledge of the structure of the topic, this helps you to recognise and adjust your initial view of the best structure.

How to Improve your Reading Skills

2008-08-03T19:24:00.004+05:30

Tips for Active Reading
This is an important concept: when you are reading it is often useful to highlight, underline and annotate the text as you go on. This emphasises information in your mind, and helps you to review important points after you have finished studying the text.

Active reading helps to keep your mind focused on the material and stops it wandering.

This is obviously only something to do if you own the document! If you find that active reading helps significantly, then it may be worth photocopying information in more expensive texts. You can then read and mark the photocopies.

Knowing what you want to know:
The most important thing to know is the goal of your study - what do you want to know after reading the text? Once you know this you can examine the text to see whether it is going to move you towards the goal.

An easy way of doing this is to look at the introduction and the chapter headings. The introduction should let you know who the book is targeted at and what it seeks to achieve, while the chapter headings will show an overall view of the structure of the subject.

While you are looking at the text, ask yourself if it is targeted at you, or assumes too much or too little knowledge. Would other material meet your needs more closely?

Knowing how deeply to study the material:
Where you only need the shallowest knowledge of the subject, you can skim the material. Here you read only chapter headings, introductions and summaries.

If you need a moderate level of information on a subject, then you can scan the text. Here you read the chapter introductions and summaries in detail, and may speed-read the contents of the chapters, picking out and understanding key words and concepts. At this level of looking at the document it is worth paying attention to diagrams and graphs.

Only when you need detailed knowledge of a subject is it worth studying the text. Here it is best to skim the material first to get an overview of the subject. Once you have done this you can read it in detail while seeing how the information presented relates to the overall structure of the subject.

How to study different sorts of materialDifferent sorts of text hold information in different places, in different ways, with different depths and breadths of coverage. By understanding the layout of the material you are reading, you can extract all useful information much more efficiently.

Reading Magazines and Newspapers:
These tend to give a very fragmented coverage of a subject, typically concentrating on the most interesting and glamorous parts of a topic while ignoring the less interesting but often essential background. Typically areas of useful information are padded out with large areas of irrelevant data or with advertising.

The most effective way of dealing with magazines is to scan their contents tables or indexes, turning directly to interesting articles. If the articles are useful they can be cut out and filed into a folder specifically covering that sort of information. The magazine can then be binned. In this way you begin to build up sets of related articles which may go some way towards explaining the scope of a subject. Information can be retrieved easily and quickly.

Newspapers tend to be arranged in sections. If you read a paper frequently you can learn which sections have useful information, and which ones can be skipped altogether.

By applying an intelligent way of reading newspapers and magazines you can significantly speed the time it takes to extract the information you need from them.

Article Types, and How to Read them:
Articles within newspapers and magazines tend to be in three main types:

News Articles:here the most important information is presented first, with information being less and less significant as the article progresses. News articles are designed to explain the key points first, and then flesh them out with detail.

Opinion Articles:Opinion articles are designed to advance a viewpoint. Here the most important information is contained in the introduction and the summary, with the middle of the article containing supporting arguments.

Feature Articles:These are written to provide entertainment or background on a subject. Typically the most important information is in the body of the text.

If you know what you want from an article, and recognising its type, you can extract information from it quickly and efficiently.

Art of Reviewing The Learned Information

2008-08-03T19:12:00.003+05:30

Reviewing Learned Information:
This article will show you how spending a little time reviewing information after a presentation can help you to vastly improve your recall of that material.

Why Review the Information?
Information learned can be recalled most effectively 10 minutes after that learning has stopped. After this information is lost rapidly, so that after a few months only a tiny percentage can be recalled. By spending a few minutes reviewing material after the learning session, you can quickly refresh your memory, and:

Significantly reduce the time needed to relearn the knowledge when you need it
Ensure that you have a reasonable basis of knowledge all the time
Allow you to improve the quality of future learning, by building on a well-remembered foundation. This allows your mind to make connections and linkages that it would not otherwise make.

The aim of frequently reviewing information is to end up storing it in memory for the long term.

How to review Reviewing information should be relatively easy and need not take long. Reviews are recommended at the following times:

As soon as possible after learning has stopped. This can take the form of rewriting and tidying up notes
After one day - take a few minutes to jot down everything remembered and compare this with your notes.
After one week - as above. after one month - as above.
After four months - as above.By reviewing frequently, information should be fresh in your mind, should be clearly structured, and easily accessible when you need it.

Art of Developing Effective Communication Skills

2008-08-03T19:00:00.003+05:30

Know How to develop Effective communication skills:
Effective communication skills are something no one can do without, on the job or in your personal life.

There’s no enterprise in human affairs, from top-level negotiations to everyday personal interactions, that can go smoothly in the absence of great communication.

And learning how to communicate clearly is an ongoing learning process, which continues over the course of one’s entire life.

Not all of us are born orators or brilliant writers; but, at the same time, communication isn’t the domain of a lucky few. It’s a skill that can be learned, practiced, and improved. And believe it or not, it’s a skill you already have, and practice with greater skill and subtlety than you may imagine. You have a lot to work with as you embark on improving your basic communication skills.

Good communication skills involve speaking and listening; communication isn’t a one-way street. It involves being speaker and audience simultaneously. It involves appreciating the dynamism of human encounters, according to which things are always in motion, always changing.

Listening closely to your interlocutor’s words allows you to constantly adjust your own approach, to better convince the other person. Most often, effective communication isn’t about formulating your thoughts and foisting them on another person; rather, it’s about putting yourself in the listener’s shoes, imagining what he wants to hear, seeing the situation from his perspective, and adapting your words based on his reactions.

Keep in mind as well that not all communication is verbal. How you present yourself, your facial expressions, and your gestures speak volumes as well. Non verbal communication skills are key.
Below are just a few pointers regarding the importance of good communication skills.

1. Every individual has his own unique language: Generally speaking, there are as many languages as there are individuals; because every person uses his or her own unique combination of spoken languages, non verbal communication skills, and styles of argumentation to express thoughts.Language is about a lot more than German, Spanish, or Chinese. It includes the entire thought process, and the entire range of communicative methods, from body language to the emotions expressed by the eyes or mouth.

2. Know who you’re speaking to: Empathizing with people from different backgrounds, and seeing the world through their eyes, can allow you to communicate with anyone, anywhere in the world.

For an effective communicator, the audience is first and foremost; one cannot formulate one’s argument until one properly understands where the listeners are coming from. Don’t coerce—persuade.Guide your audience to reach the proper conclusions themselves; if they draw those conclusions independently, they’ll be more likely to recognize them as their own, instead of as something foreign, foisted upon them by a condescending speaker.

No one wants a hostile audience. Win them over by understanding their expectations, and tailoring your words for their unique ears.

3. An embarrassment of riches: Everyone realizes that people communicate by speaking. But it’s amazing to consider how much of our feelings and even thoughts we convey by non verbal communication.

Our gestures and facial expressions can tell the listener (or rather, watcher! ) a lot about us. Often, the impression we give by our body language and movements can color the message we are trying to express with our spoken words. If you seem nervous or fidgety, the listener will be put on edge, and may even wonder if you yourself are convinced of the truth of what you are saying.

4. Be aware: Be aware of every factor in the communication process—your own strengths and weakness, the expectations of your listener, the logic of your arguments, and, most importantly, the goal you have in mind for the interaction.

If the conversation strays, guide it gently back to the central issue at hand, and pursue your aims with good communication.

Communicating with others is part of being a human being—we are, after all, social animals. Begin to improve your communication skills today. Make the gift of speech (and non-speech) a formidable weapon in your communication arsenal.

Art of Designing your Presentation for Maximum Learning

2008-08-03T18:51:00.003+05:30

Following guidelines on the way in which information is assimilated allow us to derive a number of principles by which presentations, lessons and training courses can be delivered to have the maximum impact:

1) Use breaks effectively - by breaking frequently, you take advantage of the way in which the mind recalls information most effectively at the beginning and ends of a presentation. You can take advantage of this several times within a session, before and after each break. As a guide: presentations of less than 20 minutes in length can be ineffective as it can be difficult for the audience to grasp at the shape and rhythm of the material. Presentations of more than 50 minutes in length are usually boring and ineffective.

2) Take advantage of the high initial level of assimilation and of the heightened understanding of the final facts to present some of the most importance information during these periods.

3) Relate facts that should be remembered to other facts, and fit them into a framework that shows their relevance. If necessary, repeat important information.

4) If the presentation is part of a series, then a brief period of time can be spent before the presentation starts reviewing the overall structure of previous presentations. This helps to refresh the audience's minds with the information on which you want to build, allowing connections to be made automatically which would otherwise be lost.

5) Where possible members of the audience should be encouraged to review information in their own time. See the article on Using Reviews to Learn Effectively for further information.

6) Try to engage the whole mind of your audience and as many of their senses as practicable with a variety of aids. This will keep all of their minds focussed on the learning experience rather than having unused parts of the mind 'wandering off' and generating distractions.

7) Perhaps try to fit the key information to be recalled into a mnemonic structure. This will require that your audience understands and is comfortable with the use of memory techniques - otherwise your presentations may seem a little strange!

Summary:
It is important to design the structure of a presentation to fit in with the way in which your audience recalls and assimilates information.

This involves reviewing information already known, keeping presentations relatively short while still maintaining the feeling of structure to a subject, linking information in with a structure, and presenting or representing key information at the beginning and end of a session.

How to Improve Written Communication Skills Quickly and Effectively

2008-08-03T18:43:00.003+05:30

Targeting your writing:
It is essential to have a clear idea of who your reader is. You should know why he or she is going to be reading your piece, where and when they will be reading it, and what they will want to get out of it.

Knowing this, and knowing what information you want to convey allows you to decide an aim for the article. You should focus all decisions on content, structure, style and presentation on meeting this aim.

Preparing an outline:Once you have decided the aim of the article, you are ready to prepare an outline. This allows you to start to organize the information in an article into a coherent structure. If you start writing without an outline you are in danger of producing a disorganized, chaotic mess that confuses your reader and fails to make the desired connections in his or her mind.

If you have researched the article by using a Mind Cap or by noting conventionally, an effective way of producing an outline is to open up a Word Processor document and to type in the facts that you have decided to include. You can then cut and paste these notes into related groups, and order these groups in a way that supports your argument.

Once you have selected information and organized a structure, prepare an outline of the introduction and summary. The shape of these should be obvious from the structure you have given your information. The introduction should help the reader to prepare an overall structure into which the information in the article can be fitted. The summary should organize the facts in the middle of the article into a coherent whole.

Writing your piece: When you have prepared your outline, it is time to start writing!

The easiest way of doing this is just to let the words and ideas flow. Move quickly through the piece without editing or reviewing it. This will help to keep your creativity flowing without it being crippled by self-criticism.

Only when you have finished a section should you review it. At this stage you may decide to reorganise it, edit it, change it around, and add or delete information. As you review it you should check that what you have written meets the aim you set and gives the reader the information they want.

Style:The style of the article should be completely focused on the reader's needs. Language used should be pitched at the appropriate level for the reader.

People generally prefer information presented in short sentences with little or no jargon. You may be tempted to write in a way that you think will impress your readers, using long words and complex sentences. All this shows is that you are not able to communicate ideas clearly and simply. It is likely that material written like this will not be read at all.

If you need to use technical language that may not be understood, include a glossary.
Remember that you have responsibility for the clarity, effectiveness and focus of your communication. Beyond this, style will emerge on its own without you needing to worry about it.

Summary

It is essential to know who you are writing for, and what they will want from your writing. Once you know this you should know precisely the level you are writing at and what information to include.
Preparation of an outline helps you to give structure to your piece. An effective way of doing this is to transfer notes into a WP document, and then cut and paste words and sections into a coherent form.

Including an introduction and summary helps readers to structure information in their minds.

When you write, try to let words and ideas flow. Only edit and review a section once you have completed its first draft. As you review it, ensure that the material meets the aim you set for the piece.

The style of the piece should be focused on the readers needs. Avoid trying to impress people with your knowledge.

Remember that the responsibility for effective communication lies with you!

Speculation about Forex Markets

2008-08-02T10:46:00.001+05:30

Controversy about currency speculators and their effect on currency devaluations and national economies recurs regularly. Nevertheless, economists including Milton Friedman have argued that speculators ultimately are a stabilizing influence on the market and perform the important function of providing a market for hedgers and transferring risk from those people who don't wish to bear it, to those who do. Other economists such as Joseph Stiglitz consider this argument to be based more on politics and a free market philosophy than on economics.

Large hedge funds and other well capitalized "position traders" are the main professional speculators.

Currency speculation is considered a highly suspect activity in many countries. While investment in traditional financial instruments like bonds or stocks often is considered to contribute positively to economic growth by providing capital, currency speculation does not; according to this view, it is simply gambling that often interferes with economic policy. For example, in 1992, currency speculation forced the Central Bank of Sweden to raise interest rates for a few days to 500% per annum, and later to devalue the krona. Former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad is one well known proponent of this view. He blamed the devaluation of the Malaysian ringgit in 1997 on George Soros and other speculators.

In this view, countries may develop unsustainable financial bubbles or otherwise mishandle their national economies, and forex speculators allegedly made the inevitable collapse happen sooner. A relatively quick collapse might even be preferable to continued economic mishandling.

Financial instruments of Forex

2008-08-02T10:44:00.002+05:30

Spot :
A spot transaction is a two-day delivery transaction (except in the case of the Canadian dollar, which settles the next day), as opposed to the futures contracts, which are usually three months. This trade represents a "direct exchange" between two currencies, has the shortest time frame, involves cash rather than a contract; and interest is not included in the agreed-upon transaction. The data for this study come from the spot market. Spot has the largest share by volume in FX transactions among all instruments.

Forward :
One way to deal with the Forex risk is to engage in a forward transaction. In this transaction, money does not actually change hands until some agreed upon future date. A buyer and seller agree on an exchange rate for any date in the future, and the transaction occurs on that date, regardless of what the market rates are then. The duration of the trade can be a few days, months or years.

Future:
Foreign currency futures are forward transactions with standard contract sizes and maturity dates — for example, 500,000 British pounds for next November at an agreed rate. Futures are standardized and are usually traded on an exchange created for this purpose. The average contract length is roughly 3 months. Futures contracts are usually inclusive of any interest amounts.

Swap:
The most common type of forward transaction is the currency swap. In a swap, two parties exchange currencies for a certain length of time and agree to reverse the transaction at a later date. These are not standardized contracts and are not traded through an exchange.

Option:
A foreign exchange option (commonly shortened to just FX option) is a derivative where the owner has the right but not the obligation to exchange money denominated in one currency into another currency at a pre-agreed exchange rate on a specified date. The FX options market is the deepest, largest and most liquid market for options of any kind in the world.

Exchange Traded Fund:
Exchange-traded funds (or ETFs) are Open Ended investment companies that can be traded at any time throughout the course of the day. Typically, ETFs try to replicate a stock market index such as the S&P 500 (e.g. SPY), but recently they are now replicating investments in the currency markets with the ETF increasing in value when the US Dollar weakness versus a specific currency, such as the Euro. Certain of these funds track the price movements of world currencies versus the US Dollar, and increase in value directly counter to the US Dollar, allowing for speculation in the US Dollar for US and US Dollar denominated investors and speculators.

Factors Affecting Currency Trading

2008-08-02T10:40:00.003+05:30

Although exchange rates are affected by many factors, in the end, currency prices are a result of supply and demand forces. The world's currency markets can be viewed as a huge melting pot: in a large and ever-changing mix of current events, supply and demand factors are constantly shifting, and the price of one currency in relation to another shifts accordingly. No other market encompasses (and distills) as much of what is going on in the world at any given time as foreign exchange.

Supply and demand for any given currency, and thus its value, are not influenced by any single element, but rather by several. These elements generally fall into three categories: economic factors, political conditions and market psychology.

Economic Factors:
These include economic policy, disseminated by government agencies and central banks, economic conditions, generally revealed through economic reports, and other economic indicators.

Economic policy comprises government fiscal policy (budget/spending practices) and monetary policy (the means by which a government's central bank influences the supply and "cost" of money, which is reflected by the level of interest rates).

Economic conditions include:
Government budget deficits or surpluses: The market usually reacts negatively to widening government budget deficits, and positively to narrowing budget deficits. The impact is reflected in the value of a country's currency.

Balance of trade levels and trends: The trade flow between countries illustrates the demand for goods and services, which in turn indicates demand for a country's currency to conduct trade. Surpluses and deficits in trade of goods and services reflect the competitiveness of a nation's economy. For example, trade deficits may have a negative impact on a nation's currency.

Inflation levels and trends: Typically, a currency will lose value if there is a high level of inflation in the country or if inflation levels are perceived to be rising. This is because inflation erodes purchasing power, thus demand, for that particular currency. However, a currency may sometimes strengthen when inflation rises because of expectations that the central bank will raise short-term interest rates to combat rising inflation.

Economic growth and health: Reports such as gross domestic product (GDP), employment levels, retail sales, capacity utilization and others, detail the levels of a country's economic growth and health. Generally, the more healthy and robust a country's economy, the better its currency will perform, and the more demand for it there will be.

Political Conditions:
Internal, regional, and international political conditions and events can have a profound effect on currency markets.

For instance, political upheaval and instability can have a negative impact on a nation's economy. The rise of a political faction that is perceived to be fiscally responsible can have the opposite effect. Also, events in one country in a region may spur positive or negative interest in a neighboring country and, in the process, affect its currency.

Market Psychology:
Market psychology and trader perceptions influence the foreign exchange market in a variety of ways:

Flights to quality: Unsettling international events can lead to a "flight to quality," with investors seeking a "safe haven". There will be a greater demand, thus a higher price, for currencies perceived as stronger over their relatively weaker counterparts. The Swiss franc has been a traditional safe haven during times of political or economic uncertainty.

Long-term trends: Currency markets often move in visible long-term trends. Although currencies do not have an annual growing season like physical commodities, business cycles do make themselves felt. Cycle analysis looks at longer-term price trends that may rise from economic or political trends.

"Buy the rumor, sell the fact:" This market truism can apply to many currency situations. It is the tendency for the price of a currency to reflect the impact of a particular action before it occurs and, when the anticipated event comes to pass, react in exactly the opposite direction. This may also be referred to as a market being "oversold" or "overbought". To buy the rumor or sell the fact can also be an example of the cognitive bias known as anchoring, when investors focus too much on the relevance of outside events to currency prices.

Economic numbers: While economic numbers can certainly reflect economic policy, some reports and numbers take on a talisman-like effect: the number itself becomes important to market psychology and may have an immediate impact on short-term market moves. "What to watch" can change over time. In recent years, for example, money supply, employment, trade balance figures and inflation numbers have all taken turns in the spotlight.

Technical trading considerations: As in other markets, the accumulated price movements in a currency pair such as EUR/USD can form apparent patterns that traders may attempt to use. Many traders study price charts in order to identify such patterns.

Participants for FOREX Market

2008-08-02T10:36:00.003+05:30

Unlike a stock market, where all participants have access to the same prices, the forex market is divided into levels of access. At the top is the inter-bank market, which is made up of the largest investment banking firms. Within the inter-bank market, spreads, which are the difference between the bid and ask prices, are razor sharp and usually unavailable, and not known to players outside the inner circle. As you descend the levels of access, the difference between the bid and ask prices widens (from 0-1 pip to 1-2 pips for some currencies such as the EUR). This is due to volume. If a trader can guarantee large numbers of transactions for large amounts, they can demand a smaller difference between the bid and ask price, which is referred to as a better spread. The levels of access that make up the forex market are determined by the size of the "line" (the amount of money with which they are trading). The top-tier inter-bank market accounts for 53% of all transactions. After that there are usually smaller investment banks, followed by large multi-national corporations (which need to hedge risk and pay employees in different countries), large hedge funds, and even some of the retail forex market makers. According to Galati and Melvin, "Pension funds, insurance companies, mutual funds, and other institutional investors have played an increasingly important role in financial markets in general, and in FX markets in particular, since the early 2000s." (2004) In addition, he notes, "Hedge funds have grown markedly over the 2001–2004 period in terms of both number and overall size" Central banks also participate in the forex market to align currencies to their economic needs.

Banks:
The interbank market caters for both the majority of commercial turnover and large amounts of speculative trading every day. A large bank may trade billions of dollars daily. Some of this trading is undertaken on behalf of customers, but much is conducted by proprietary desks, trading for the bank's own account.

Until recently, foreign exchange brokers did large amounts of business, facilitating interbank trading and matching anonymous counterparts for small fees. Today, however, much of this business has moved on to more efficient electronic systems. The broker squawk box lets traders listen in on ongoing interbank trading and is heard in most trading rooms, but turnover is noticeably smaller than just a few years ago.

Commercial Companies:
An important part of this market comes from the financial activities of companies seeking foreign exchange to pay for goods or services. Commercial companies often trade fairly small amounts compared to those of banks or speculators, and their trades often have little short term impact on market rates. Nevertheless, trade flows are an important factor in the long-term direction of a currency's exchange rate. Some multinational companies can have an unpredictable impact when very large positions are covered due to exposures that are not widely known by other market participants.

Central Banks:
National central banks play an important role in the foreign exchange markets. They try to control the money supply, inflation, and/or interest rates and often have official or unofficial target rates for their currencies. They can use their often substantial foreign exchange reserves to stabilize the market. Milton Friedman argued that the best stabilization strategy would be for central banks to buy when the exchange rate is too low, and to sell when the rate is too high — that is, to trade for a profit based on their more precise information. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of central bank "stabilizing speculation" is doubtful because central banks do not go bankrupt if they make large losses, like other traders would, and there is no convincing evidence that they do make a profit trading.

The mere expectation or rumor of central bank intervention might be enough to stabilize a currency, but aggressive intervention might be used several times each year in countries with a dirty float currency regime. Central banks do not always achieve their objectives. The combined resources of the market can easily overwhelm any central bank.[4] Several scenarios of this nature were seen in the 1992–93 ERM collapse, and in more recent times in Southeast Asia.

Hedge Funds:
Hedge funds have gained a reputation for aggressive currency speculation since 1996. They control billions of dollars of equity and may borrow billions more, and thus may overwhelm intervention by central banks to support almost any currency, if the economic fundamentals are in the hedge funds' favor.

Investment Management Firms:
Investment management firms (who typically manage large accounts on behalf of customers such as pension funds and endowments) use the foreign exchange market to facilitate transactions in foreign securities. For example, an investment manager bearing an international equity portfolio needs to purchase and sell several pairs of foreign currencies to pay for foreign securities purchases.

Some investment management firms also have more speculative specialist currency overlay operations, which manage clients' currency exposures with the aim of generating profits as well as limiting risk. Whilst the number of this type of specialist firms is quite small, many have a large value of assets under management (AUM), and hence can generate large trades.

Retail forex brokers:
There are two types of retail brokers offering the opportunity for speculative trading. Retail forex brokers or Market makers.Retail traders (individuals) are a small fraction of this market and may only participate indirectly through brokers or banks. Retail forex brokers, while largely controlled and regulated by the CFTC and NFA might be subject to forex scams[5] [6]. At present, the NFA and CFTC are imposing stricter requirements, particularly in relation to the amount of Net Capitalization required of its members. As a result many of the smaller, and perhaps questionable brokers are now gone. It is not widely understood that retail brokers and market makers typically trade against their clients and frequently take the other side of their trades. This can often create a potential conflict of interest and give rise to some of the unpleasant experiences some traders have had. A move toward NDD(No Dealing Desk), And STP(Straight Through Processing) has helped to resolve some of these concerns and restore trader confidence, but caution is still advised in ensuring that all is as it is presented.

Others:
Non-bank foreign exchange companies offer currency exchange and international payments to private individuals and companies. These are also known as Foreign Exchange Brokers but are distinct from Forex Brokers as they do not offer speculative trading but currency exchange with payments. i.e. there is usually a physical delivery of currency to a bank account.

It is estimated that in the UK, 14% of currency transfers/payments are made via Foreign Exchange Companies[7]. These companies' selling point is usually that they will offer better exchange rates or cheaper payments than the customer's bank. These companies differ from Money Transfer/Remittance Companies in that they generally offer higher-value services.

Money Transfer/Remittance Companies perform high-volume low-value transfers generally by economic migrants back to their home country. In 2007, the Aite Group estimated that there were $369 billion of remittances (an increase of 8% on the previous year). The four largest markets (India, China, Mexico and the Philippines) receive $95 billion. The largest and best known provider is Western Union with 345,000 agents globally.

Introduction to Foreign Exchange Market

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FOREX Markets
The foreign exchange (currency or forex or FX) market exists wherever one currency is traded for another. It is the largest and most liquid financial market in the world, and includes trading between large banks, central banks, currency speculators, multinational corporations, governments, and other financial markets and institutions. The average daily trade in the global forex and related markets currently is almost US$ 4 trillion.

The foreign exchange market is unique because of the following
( # ) Its trading volumes,
( # ) The extreme liquidity of the market,
( # ) The large number of, and variety of, traders in the market,
( # ) Its geographical dispersion,
( # ) Its long trading hours: 24 hours a day except on weekends (from 5pm EST on Sunday until 4pm EST Friday),
( # ) The variety of factors that affect exchange rates.
( # ) The low margins of profit compared with other markets of fixed income (but profits can be high due to very large trading volumes)
( # ) The use of leverage.

As such, it has been referred to as the market closest to the ideal perfect competition, notwithstanding market manipulation by central banks. According to the BIS, average daily turnover in global foreign exchange markets is estimated at $3.98 trillion. Trading in the world's main financial markets accounted for $3.21 trillion of this.

This $3.21 trillion in main foreign exchange market turnover was broken down as follows:

$1,005 billion in spot transactions
$362 billion in outright forwards
$1,714 billion in forex swaps
$129 billion estimated gaps in reporting

Of the $3.98 trillion daily global turnover, trading in London accounted for around $1.36 trillion, or 34.1% of the total, making London by far the global center for foreign exchange. In second and third places respectively, trading in New York accounted for 16.6%, and Tokyo accounted for 6.0%.

In addition to "traditional" turnover, $2.1 trillion was traded in derivatives.

Exchange-traded forex futures contracts were introduced in 1972 at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and are actively traded relative to most other futures contracts. Forex futures volume has grown rapidly in recent years, and accounts for about 7% of the total foreign exchange market volume, according to The Wall Street Journal Europe (5/5/06, p. 20).

Foreign exchange trading increased by 38% between April 2005 and April 2006 and has more than doubled since 2001. This is largely due to the growing importance of foreign exchange as an asset class and an increase in fund management assets, particularly of hedge funds and pension funds. The diverse selection of execution venues such as internet trading platforms offered by companies such as First Prudential Markets and Saxo Bank have made it easier for retail traders to trade in the foreign exchange market.

Because foreign exchange is an OTC market where brokers/dealers negotiate directly with one another, there is no central exchange or clearing house. The biggest geographic trading centre is the UK, primarily London, which according to IFSL estimates has increased its share of global turnover in traditional transactions from 31.3% in April 2004 to 34.1% in April 2007. RPP
The ten most active traders account for almost 73% of trading volume, according to The Wall Street Journal Europe, (2/9/06 p. 20). These large international banks continually provide the market with both bid (buy) and ask (sell) prices. The bid/ask spread is the difference between the price at which a bank or market maker will sell ("ask", or "offer") and the price at which a market-maker will buy ("bid") from a wholesale customer. This spread is minimal for actively traded pairs of currencies, usually 0–3 pips. For example, the bid/ask quote of EUR/USD might be 1.2200/1.2203 on a retail broker. Minimum trading size for most deals is usually 100,000 units of currency, which is a standard "lot".

These spreads might not apply to retail customers at banks, which will routinely mark up the difference to say 1.2100 / 1.2300 for transfers, or say 1.2000 / 1.2400 for banknotes or travelers' checks. Spot prices at market makers vary, but on EUR/USD are usually no more than 3 pips wide (i.e. 0.0003). Competition is greatly increased with larger transactions, and pip spreads shrink on the major pairs to as little as 1 to 2 pips.

Quality By Software Engineering Perspective

2008-07-31T20:23:00.002+05:30

Attributes of a Good Quality Software:

1) A good quality software product:
Is the one which meets all the requirements when viewed through customer’s perspective. Hence the prime definition of software quality is meeting customer needs or understanding customer requirements, expectations and exceeding these expectations. If using the software product satisfies the customer, then it is a good quality product otherwise it is not.

2) Customer needs are not always translated into his requirements:
Although the software creation team tries their level best to accurately capture the customer needs into customer requirements; in spite of all these efforts, sometimes the developers fail in their endeavor due to 1) Lack of accurate communication of the exact needs by the customer 2) Misunderstanding of the requirements as captured by the developers.

3) A Software Free from Bugs or Defects may not always be a Quality product:
Quality of a software product is not merely the absence of bugs / defects in it. Even if it has been developed without any bugs; however if it is difficult to learn and tiresome to operate, then it can’t be called a quality product.

4) A Software may be termed as a Quality product in spite of presence of some Bugs or Defects in it:
Acceptance of few known bugs in the software is a subjective term depending upon the nature of the bugs. If the software product is released to the customer very well within the constraints of budget, time & resources, & it contains some known open bugs, which will not cause any loss to the customer; then also it can be termed as a quality product. However for critical products aim of ensuring 100% or zero defect approach becomes necessary.

5) Maintaining quality of a software product is not only the responsibility of software testers:
Producing right quality software product is the responsibility of everyone involved in the chain including the customer. Role of a software tester is to identify the deviations and report them to the development team effectively.

Software Tester has a prime role to validate the correctness, reliability, usability and interoperability of the product and report the deviations.

Software tester may not be able to validate certain important quality related factors like maintainability, reusability, flexibility & portability etc. etc.

6) Software tester should endeavor to detect bugs in the software right from the beginning itself:
As the software moves into advanced stages of its development, the cost of fixing the bugs in it also keeps on increasing exponentially.

For example, If during an advanced stage of system testing of software, any bug is found in its basic design itself, this could lead to an extremely costly process of fixing the bug. In addition to this may necessitate amendments in the design & the basic code itself.

Hence detection & rectification of bugs during initial stages of design are quite economical.

7) Software Quality Factors are essential attributes, absence of which can pose threat to the success of the software:
For any software product following are the important quality factors, the priority and importance of which may vary from software product to product. For example, factors like flexibility and reusability gain prime importance, if the software under development needs to be changed quite frequently.

#) Flexibility: An effort required to modify an operational program.

#) Reusability: Extent to which a program can be used in other applications.

#) Correctness: Extent to which the program satisfies the desired requirements.

#) Reliability: Extent to which the program can be expected to perform its intended functions with desired precision.

#) Efficiency: The amount of computing resources and code required by the program to perform a particular function.

#) Integrity: Extent to which unauthorized persons get prevented / controlled from accessing the software or its data.

#) Usability: Effort required in learning, operating, preparing inputs, and interpreting the outputs of a software program.

#) Maintainability: Effort required in locating and fixing an error in an operational program.

#) Testability: Effort required in testing a program to ensure that it performs in accordance with its intended function.

#) Portability: Effort required to transfer the software from hardware of one configuration to the other.

#) Interoperability: Effort required to couple one system with the other.

8) Cost of software quality refers to the total expenditure incurred on firstly preventing the errors, secondly identifying the errors and lastly correcting these errors:
Cost of quality can be brought down if the software developers are extra vigilant in developing their application and before passing it into testing phase & endeavor to ensure that the application is either free of defects or has bare minimum number of defects. However such activities aimed at preventing errors from going into the product involve additional efforts & costs. This calls for added concentration on building efficient process of development and keeping on continuously improving it by identifying weaknesses therein. The benefits of such extra efforts may not be immediate, however in the long run cost of software quality ought to come down significantly.

9) Cost of fixing a software bug is possible to be brought down, if the bug is able to be detected during the early stages of development:
As the software moves into advanced stages of its development, the cost of fixing the bugs in it also keeps on increasing exponentially. Hence practice of life cycle testing becomes necessary.

10) Apart from testing of the software product, repeated inspections, design reviews & code walkthroughs are effective quality control measures.

An Introduction to Software Testing

2008-07-31T20:15:00.001+05:30

Software testing is the process used to assess the quality of computer software. Quality is not limited to, the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs.

Software Faults:The software faults occur through the following process. A programmer makes an error (mistake), which results in a defect (fault, bug) in the software source code. If this defect is executed, in certain situations the system will produce wrong results, causing a failure. Not all defects will necessarily result in failures. A defect can turn into a failure when the environment is changed. Examples of these changes in environment include the software being run on a new hardware platform, alterations in source data or interacting with different software.

Software Quality:Quality is not an absolute term; it is value to some person. With that in mind, testing can never completely establish the correctness of computer software. Functional dimensions of quality like Usability, Scalability, Performance, Compatibility, Reliability are highly subjective terms having significant value to one person but may be intolerable to the other.

Complexities in Software Testing:A problem with software testing is that testing all combinations of inputs and preconditions is not feasible when testing anything other than a simple product. This means that the number of defects in a software product can be very large and defects that occur infrequently are difficult to find during testing.

Approach to effective Software Testing:An effective approach to the process of testing of complex products involves "Investigation" or "Questioning" a product in order to evaluate it. Here "Questions" or "Investigations" are the activities which a tester tries to perform on the software product, and the product answers with its behavior in reaction to the probing done by the tester.

Software testing is successful only if used in association with "Verification" and "Validation"

"Verification" asks a question: Have we built the "Software - Right" (i.e. Does it match the specifications)?

"Validation" asks a question: Have we built the "Right – Software" (i.e. Is this what the customer wants)?

Objectives of Software Testing:
1) Testing is a process of executing a software program with the intention of finding an error.
2) A good test case is one that has a high probability of finding an as yet undiscovered error.
3) A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered error.

Outcome of Software Testing:
Testing should systematically uncover different classes of errors in a minimum amount of time and with a minimum amount of effort. A secondary benefit of testing is that it demonstrates that the software appears to be working as stated in the specifications. The data collected through testing can also provide an indication of the software's reliability and quality. But, testing cannot show the absence of defect -- it can only show that software defects are present.

What are the CMM Level of Companies

2008-07-31T20:08:00.001+05:30

Various Capability Maturity Levels – CMM Levels for Companies

The Capability Maturity Model defines following levels for the organizations depending upon the processes being followed by them.

CMM Level 0 - Companies:
CMM – Level 0 companies are the ones, which do not have any structured Processes, Tracking Mechanisms & Plans. It is left to the developer or any person responsible for Quality to ensure that the product meets the expectations.

CMM Level 1 - Companies: Work is Performed Informally
CMM – Level 1 companies are the ones, where the teams put in extra work hard to achieve the results. Such companies do not have any structured Tracking Mechanisms & defined Standards. The software development work is performed informally but it is not properly documented.

CMM Level 2 - Companies: Work is Planned and Tracked
CMM – Level 2 companies are the ones, where some planned processes within the teams exist and the team can repeat them or follow these processes for all projects being handled by them. However these process are not standardized across the organization. All the teams within the organization do not follow the same standard.

CMM Level 3 - Companies: Work is Well-Defined
CMM – Level 3 companies are the ones, where the processes are well defined and are followed throughout the organization.

CMM Level 4 - Companies: Work is Quantitatively Controlled
CMM – Level 4 companies are the ones, where the processes are well defined and are followed throughout the organization. In such companies, Goals to be achieved are well defined and the actual output is measured. Such companies have proper mechanism to collect the Metrics, hence future performance can predicted.

CMM Level 5 - Companies: Work is based upon Continuous Improvement
CMM – Level 5 companies are the ones, which have well defined processes which are properly measured. Such organizations have good understanding of IT projects which have good effect on the Organizational goals. Level – 5 organizations are able to continuously improve their processes based upon such understanding.

Introduction to CMM & CMMI

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It is the prime requirement of any Quality Software that it should reasonably be bug-free, delivered on time and within budgetary constraints. It should meet the defined requirements or expectations, and should be maintainable. Therefore to produce error free and high quality software there arises a great need that certain internationally recognized standards be followed.

Quality Standards: Various Quality Standards are available

ISO 9001: 2000 - is Quality Management System Certification. To achieve this, an organization is expected to satisfy the requirements defined in CL. 1 to 8 of ISO 9001: 2000

Six Sigma - is a process improvement methodology focused on reduction in variation of the processes around the mean. Its objective is to make the process defect free.

CMM - CMM means - Capability Maturity Model. It is a standard for assessing and improving processes related to software development. The software community had developed it in the year 1986 under the leadership from SEI – Software Engineering Institute. It is a process capability maturity model related to software applications & it helps in defining and understanding of the processes followed by the organization. It provides guidance to the measurement of software process maturity and helps process improvement programs. CMM had been devised as a tool for objectively assessing the ability of government contractors' processes to perform a contracted software project.

CMM emphasizes on the appropriateness of the Process followed for developing a software product. CMM aims to ensure that the process is capable to produce error free product. Process driven companies are more successful as compared to people driven companies. Hence a company needs to have a good process for software development for being successful.

Advent of CMMI: In CMM, the entire emphasis had been on the software practices. However software was becoming a major factor in the systems which were being built that it had become virtually impossible to logically separate the two disciplines of systems & practices. Hence SEI redirected all its effort toward the integration of system and software practices which led to the birth of CMMI which stands for Capability Maturity Model Integration.

CMMI has now superceded CMM. The older term CMM has been renamed now to Software Engineering CMM (SE-CMM).

Prior to going deep into CMM or CMMI, lets understand what a software process is.

A Software Process can be defined as set of activities, methods, practices and transformations which people employ to develop and maintain software and the associated products. The quality of a software product is essentially determined by the quality of the processes employed to develop and maintain it.

Five Maturity Levels of SEI CMM: Continuous process improvement is based on many small but evolutionary steps. CMM organizes these steps into 5 maturity levels. Each maturity level comprises of a set of process goals which, upon getting satisfied, stabilizes an important component of the software process. Organizing the goals into different levels helps the organization to prioritize their improvement actions. The five maturity levels of CMM are as under.

1) Initial: The software process is characterized as ad hoc, and occasionally even chaotic. Few processes are defined, and success depends on individual effort and heroics.

2) Repeatable: Basic project management processes are established to track cost, schedule, and functionality. The necessary process discipline is in place to repeat earlier successes on projects with similar applications.

3) Defined: The software process for both management and engineering activities is documented, standardized, and integrated into a standard software process for the organization. All projects use an approved, tailored version of the organization's standard software process for developing and maintaining software.

4) Managed: Detailed measures of the software process and product quality are collected. Both the software process and products are quantitatively understood and controlled.

5) Optimizing: Continuous process improvement is enabled by quantitative feedback from the process and from piloting innovative ideas and technologies.

Detailed Information is available on http://www.sei.cmu.edu/cmmi/

Classification Among Software Testing

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Broad Differentiation between Levels of Software Testing versus Types of Testing versus Techniques of Testing are:

Levels of Testing: Various levels of testing are

Unit Testing
Integration Testing
System Testing

Types of Testing : classified on the basis of intent of testing

Acceptance Testing
Performance Testing
Load Testing
Regression Testing

Techniques of Testing: are broadly categorized as under

Black box Testing
White box Testing

Tips for Writing an Effective E - Mail

2008-06-29T21:02:00.001+05:30

Wonderful Tips for writing an Effective -Mail

Tip - 1 : Think before you write. Just because you can send information faster than ever before, it doesn't mean that you should send it. Analyze your readers' needs to make certain that you are sending a message that will be both clear and useful.

Tip - 2 : Remember that you can always deny that you said it. But if you write it, you may be held accountable for many many moons. You may be surprised to find where your message may end up.

Tip - 3 : Keep your message concise. Remember that the screen only shows approximately one half of a hard-copy page. Save longer messages and formal reports for regular ('snail') or overnight mail. On the other hand, do not keep your message so short that the reader has no idea what you're talking about. Include at least a Summary (Action or Information) in every E-mail message.

Tip - 4 : Remember that E-mail is not necessarily confidential. Some companies will retain the right to monitor employees messages. (Refer to #1 and #2.) Don't send anything you wouldn't be comfortable seeing published in your company's newsletter (or your community's newspaper).

Tip - 5 : Don't FLAME your readers. It's unprofessional to lose control in person; to do so in writing usually just makes the situation worse. (Refer to#2 and #4.)

Tip - 6 : Don't spam your readers. Don't send them unnecessary or frivolous messages. Soon, they'll quit opening any message from you. (Refer to #1.)

Tip - 7: DON'T TYPE IN ALL CAPS! IT LOOKS LIKE FLAMING! Remember, if you emphasize everything, you will have emphasized nothing.

Tip - 8: don't type in all lower case. if you violate the rules of english grammar and usage, you make it difficult for the reader to read.

Tip - 9: Use the Subject line to get the reader's attention. Replace vague lines (Information on XYZ Project, or Status Report Q1) with better hooks: Exciting Career Opportunity, Serious Problems, or Free Money.

Tip - 10: Take the time to proofread your document before you sent it. Rub the document through the spell checker and/or the grammar checker. Even simple tips will make you look sloppie and damage your professional credibility.

How to Appear Professional over Phone

2008-06-29T20:42:00.001+05:30

Phone Skills - cutting down the length of time on the phone
In a business environment the first contact you ever have with a customer is often over the phone. He or she will be forming an opinion of you from this first contact. It is very easy to give a poor impression by being disorganized and unprofessional in the way you use the phone. Conversely by using it effectively you can appear very sharp and competent.

Here I am presenting the skills that allow you to present yourself in the most professional way possible.

How to be effective on the phone
Remembering these points will help you to be sharp and professional in the way that you talk on the phone:

Have an aim: When making an outgoing call, always know what you want to discuss. Always ensure that you have all the documentation you need to achieve your aim. This saves both your time and the time of the person you are talking to.

Tailor your style to that of the person you are talking to: Busy people often prefer a clean cut, direct approach with a bare minimum of social chat. Others may prefer a more sociable approach. Tailor your approach to their style (unless they are miserable or rude!)

Limit social conversation: Social chat may be pleasant, but taken to extremes it wastes time. It can be intensely frustrating if you have a lot of work to do.

Give concise answers to questions: Long rambling answers are unprofessional, dull and confusing.

If you don't know an answer, say so: If someone relies on you when you are guessing, and you guess wrong, then they will never trust you again. If you do not know something, say you will get back to them with a firm answer.

At the end of a call, summarize the points made: This ensures that both people agree on what has been said, and know what action will be taken.

Don't talk to anyone else when on the phone: This makes your organization look small. Put the other person on hold, then talk.

Making phone calls
Bear in mind the following when a call has to be made:

Take the initiative in making calls: Where a call has to be made, make it. Leaving it waiting just builds stress if it is unpleasant or difficult.

Don't make a call very early or very late: Give the person you are talking to a chance to get a coffee and settle in before you ring them. Don't take up peoples time when they want to leave the office.

If calls are administrative, delegate them: It may be possible to delegate calls arranging times for meetings, finding out addresses, etc. to assistants. You should, however, be careful not to give the impression that you are playing power games.

If you get an answering machine, ring off and ring back: If you are not prepared for an answering machine, you can sound stilted and off-balance talking into one. It is much better to hang up, prepare a message, and then deliver it smoothly.

Don't harass people: If someone is doing a job for you, don't ring them every few hours to find out how it is going. This is irritating and stressful, and slows achievement of the job.

Taking incoming calls
These points are important in the way your organization handles incoming calls:

The phone should not ring more than 3 times before being answered: This is the norm for efficient business organizations. You will appear seriously slack and unprofessional if your phone rings many more times than this. If you do not have the personnel to answer all incoming lines, take the unanswerable phones off the hook. If you pick up a phone that has rung many times, then apologize to the other person.

Everyone should have responsibility for answering phones: You will seriously annoy anyone who has to hang on waiting for service: not only are you wasting their time, you are also keeping them in a stressed condition where they are ready to talk at a moment's notice. Everyone within an organization should have responsibility for answering phones: if nothing else this will keep front-line people on their toes if they know their managers are having to do their jobs!

Don't answer the phone while eating: This either sounds indistinct or sounds like having your ear nibbled!

Always ring back: There is nothing more frustrating than waiting for an important call that is not returned for many hours. By not returning a call you are slowing the other person's achievement of their goals.

Many of these points are simple courtesies. Always bear in mind that the time of the person you are talking to is limited, and that they are forming an opinion of you and your organizations efficiency while you are on the phone.

How to Improve Self Esteem

2008-06-29T19:55:00.001+05:30

Self-esteem is something almost anyone can use more of. Even the people who exude confidence on the exterior probably have nagging doubts in their heart of hearts—doubts that they carefully hide from those around them, but which gnaw at their souls. Doubt can be debilitating.

Luckily, anyone can take very practical steps to improve their self-esteem. Confidence in ourselves isn’t something we’re born with overnight (unless we’re just cocky, in which case the confidence is probably ill-justified!). Anyone with a brain and a critical eye is bound to see what’s wrong in their lives. But it’s always constructive to remind yourself what’s right—and that, in any case, things can improve still more.

Following Tips shall be of great help in increasing the self-esteem.

1) Take stock of yourself
Begin by asking yourself which areas of your life and personality need the most work. What changes would you be most proud of, and find most fulfilling? Compose a list of them—five, perhaps, or ten at the most (if you’re really self-critical!). Rank them. Think about how you can go about improving each point.

2) Build yourself up
Don’t get discouraged, dwelling too much on the areas you want to improve. Remind yourself of the progress you’ve made thus far in life. Pat yourself on the back for having enough determination to try self-improvement in the first place. You’re on the right track!

3) How will you get there?
It’s not enough to decide where you want to go in terms of self-esteem; it’s more important to ask how you’re going to get there. Also, who can help get you there? Who can you trust for help, and for counsel, and even for a shoulder to cry on, if you have a temporary setback?

4) Counter-attack
Tired of suffering the blows of fate? Tired of feeling like the football of the gods? Go on the counter-attack! Take action! Formulate a battle-plan, and assert yourself. You can make things happen. You can dish it too, instead of just absorbing blows.

5) Spread the wealth
Self-esteem is something of incomparable value. At the same time, it’s something you’ve got to give in order to get. The more you build up the people around you, the more that same enthusiasm and confidence will reflect back on you. Spread that sense of optimism and excitement to every member of your team.

6) Branch out
Extend your sphere of influence, and allow yourself to be influenced by interesting and stimulating new people, as you become a member of new organizations and interest groups. Find people who share your passions, and exchange ideas.

7) Engage in extra-curricular activities
Take up a new side project, something you’ll enjoy. Make it something you’ll find relaxing, and yet exhilarating at the same time. Something that will improve you and make you a more well-rounded person. Perhaps it’ll be a hobby or club or recreational activity.

8) Never stop learning
Don’t allow your thinking to stagnate. Join a class, on some topic you’re interested in—even if it’s something not directly connected with, say, your career, or your primary goal in life. As long as you’re passionate about it, you’ll benefit from this intellectual stimulation. Its positive effects on your main interests may surprise you.

9) Migrate to warmer climes
If you’ve got a bad case of the blahs, or are stricken with cabin fever, strike out for new territories. Exploring an undiscovered country can revive your outlook on life, an inspire you with new ideas and new influences. Take a vacation, or even consider making a permanent move, if you really need a fresh start.

10) Count your blessings
Never forget to remind yourself of how blessed and, ultimately, how happy you really are. Consider it an added bonus if your dreams come true; if they don’t, right away at least, you’ll enjoy the challenge, at the very least.